![Lead element card: symbol Pb, atomic number 82, atomic mass 207.2, electron configuration [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p², oxidation states +4 +2, Post-transition metal, group 14, period 6, solid at room temperature.](https://stage.chemistry-dictionary.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/lead-chemical-element.webp)
Lead sits in group 14 of the periodic table as a heavy post-transition metal. A freshly cut piece of lead shows a shiny bluish-white color, but it quickly tarnishes in the air. This exposure creates a dull gray oxide layer that protects the metal from further corrosion.
Lead conducts electricity very poorly, which is unusual for a heavy metal. In nature, lead is found in the mineral galena, which consists of lead sulfide. Mining companies extract this mineral alongside other valuable metals like zinc and copper.
In compounds, lead typically has plus 2 and plus 4 oxidation states. The plus 2 state is much more stable than the plus 4 state. A common student misconception is that writing pencils contain lead, but they actually use non-toxic carbon graphite.
Lead is also highly malleable, which lets workers bend and shape it without heating it up first. Lead is a cumulative poison that is highly toxic to humans and animals. It mimics other essential minerals like calcium and iron to enter our cells.
Once inside, it blocks vital enzymes and causes permanent brain damage. Because of these health risks, governments now limit its use in household products.